启动过程link

Bootstrappinglink

前提条件link

Prerequisiteslink

对下列知识有基本的了解：

A basic understanding of the following:

• JavaScript 模块与 NgModules。

  JavaScript Modules vs. NgModules.

NgModule 用于描述应用的各个部分如何组织在一起。 每个应用有至少一个 Angular 模块，根模块就是你用来启动此应用的模块。 按照惯例，它通常命名为 AppModule。

An NgModule describes how the application parts fit together. Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you bootstrap to launch the application. By convention, it is usually called AppModule.

如果你使用 Angular CLI 来生成一个应用，其默认的 AppModule 是这样的：

If you use the Angular CLI to generate an app, the default AppModule is as follows:

      
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/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
 
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
 
/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */
@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    FormsModule,
    HttpClientModule
  ],
  providers: [],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }
    

在 import 语句之后，是一个带有 @NgModule装饰器的类。

After the import statements is a class with the @NgModuledecorator.

@NgModule 装饰器表明 AppModule 是一个 NgModule 类。 @NgModule 获取一个元数据对象，它会告诉 Angular 如何编译和启动本应用。

The @NgModule decorator identifies AppModule as an NgModule class. @NgModule takes a metadata object that tells Angular how to compile and launch the application.

• declarations —— 该应用所拥有的组件。

  declarations—this application's lone component.

• imports —— 导入 BrowserModule 以获取浏览器特有的服务，比如 DOM 渲染、无害化处理和位置（location）。

  imports—import BrowserModule to have browser specific services such as DOM rendering, sanitization, and location.

• providers —— 各种服务提供商。

  providers—the service providers.

• bootstrap —— 根组件，Angular 创建它并插入 index.html 宿主页面。

  bootstrap—the root component that Angular creates and inserts into the index.html host web page.

Angular CLI 创建的默认应用只有一个组件 AppComponent，所以它会同时出现在 declarations 和 bootstrap 数组中。

The default application created by the Angular CLI only has one component, AppComponent, so it is in both the declarations and the bootstrap arrays.

declarations 数组link

The declarations arraylink

该模块的 declarations 数组告诉 Angular 哪些组件属于该模块。 当你创建更多组件时，也要把它们添加到 declarations 中。

The module's declarations array tells Angular which components belong to that module. As you create more components, add them to declarations.

每个组件都应该（且只能）声明（declare）在一个 NgModule 类中。 如果你使用了未声明过的组件，Angular 就会报错。

You must declare every component in exactly one NgModule class. If you use a component without declaring it, Angular returns an error message.

declarations 数组只能接受可声明对象。可声明对象包括组件、指令和管道。 一个模块的所有可声明对象都必须放在 declarations 数组中。 可声明对象必须只能属于一个模块，如果同一个类被声明在了多个模块中，编译器就会报错。

The declarations array only takes declarables. Declarables are components, directives and pipes. All of a module's declarables must be in the declarations array. Declarables must belong to exactly one module. The compiler emits an error if you try to declare the same class in more than one module.

这些可声明的类在当前模块中是可见的，但是对其它模块中的组件是不可见的 —— 除非把它们从当前模块导出， 并让对方模块导入本模块。

These declared classes are visible within the module but invisible to components in a different module unless they are exported from this module and the other module imports this one.

下面是哪些类可以添加到 declarations 数组中的例子：

An example of what goes into a declarations array follows:

      
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      declarations: [
  YourComponent,
  YourPipe,
  YourDirective
],
    

每个可声明对象都只能属于一个模块，所以只能把它声明在一个 @NgModule 中。当你需要在其它模块中使用它时，就要在那里导入包含这个可声明对象的模块。

A declarable can only belong to one module, so only declare it in one @NgModule. When you need it elsewhere, import the module that has the declarable you need in it.

只有 @NgModule可以出现在 imports 数组中。

Only @NgModule references go in the imports array.

通过 @NgModule 使用指令link

Using directives with @NgModulelink

使用 declarations 数组声明指令。在模块中使用指令、组件或管道的步骤如下：

Use the declarations array for directives. To use a directive, component, or pipe in a module, you must do a few things:

1. 从你编写它的文件中导出它。

   Export it from the file where you wrote it.

2. 把它导入到适当的模块中。

   Import it into the appropriate module.

3. 在 @NgModule 的 declarations 数组中声明它。

   Declare it in the @NgModule declarations array.

这三步的结果如下所示。在你创建指令的文件中导出它。 下面的例子中，item.directive.ts 中的 ItemDirective 是 CLI 自动生成的默认指令结构。

Those three steps look like the following. In the file where you create your directive, export it. The following example, named ItemDirective is the default directive structure that the CLI generates in its own file, item.directive.ts:

      
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      import { Directive } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
  selector: '[appItem]'
})
export class ItemDirective {
// code goes here
  constructor() { }

}
    

重点在于你要先在这里导出它才能在别处导入它。接下来，使用 JavaScript 的 import 语句把它导入到 NgModule 中（这里是 app.module.ts）。

The key point here is that you have to export it so you can import it elsewhere. Next, import it into the NgModule, in this example app.module.ts, with a JavaScript import statement:

      
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      import { ItemDirective } from './item.directive';
    

同样在这个文件中，把它添加到 @NgModule 的 declarations 数组中：

And in the same file, add it to the @NgModule declarations array:

      
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      declarations: [
  AppComponent,
  ItemDirective
],
    

现在，你就可以在组件中使用 ItemDirective 了。这个例子中使用的是 AppModule，但是在特性模块中你也可以这么做。 要进一步了解指令，参见属性型指令和结构型指令。 这些也同样适用于管道和组件。

Now you could use your ItemDirective in a component. This example uses AppModule, but you'd do it the same way for a feature module. For more about directives, see Attribute Directives and Structural Directives. You'd also use the same technique for pipes and components.

记住：组件、指令和管道都只能属于一个模块。你在应用中也只需要声明它们一次，因为你还可以通过导入必要的模块来使用它们。这能节省你的时间，并且帮助你的应用保持精简。

Remember, components, directives, and pipes belong to one module only. You only need to declare them once in your app because you share them by importing the necessary modules. This saves you time and helps keep your app lean.

imports 数组link

The imports arraylink

模块的 imports 数组只会出现在 @NgModule 元数据对象中。 它告诉 Angular 该模块想要正常工作，还需要哪些模块。

The module's imports array appears exclusively in the @NgModule metadata object. It tells Angular about other NgModules that this particular module needs to function properly.

列表中的模块导出了本模块中的各个组件模板中所引用的各个组件、指令或管道。在这个例子中，当前组件是 AppComponent，它引用了导出自 BrowserModule、FormsModule 或 HttpClientModule 的组件、指令或管道。 总之，组件的模板中可以引用在当前模块中声明的或从其它模块中导入的组件、指令、管道。

This list of modules are those that export components, directives, or pipes that the component templates in this module reference. In this case, the component is AppComponent, which references components, directives, or pipes in BrowserModule, FormsModule, or HttpClientModule. A component template can reference another component, directive, or pipe when the referenced class is declared in this module or the class was imported from another module.

providers 数组link

The providers arraylink

providers 数组中列出了该应用所需的服务。当直接把服务列在这里时，它们是全应用范围的。 当你使用特性模块和惰性加载时，它们是范围化的。要了解更多，参见服务提供商。

The providers array is where you list the services the app needs. When you list services here, they are available app-wide. You can scope them when using feature modules and lazy loading. For more information, see Providers.

bootstrap 数组link

The bootstrap arraylink

应用是通过引导根模块 AppModule 来启动的，根模块还引用了 entryComponent。 此外，引导过程还会创建 bootstrap 数组中列出的组件，并把它们逐个插入到浏览器的 DOM 中。

The application launches by bootstrapping the root AppModule, which is also referred to as an entryComponent. Among other things, the bootstrapping process creates the component(s) listed in the bootstrap array and inserts each one into the browser DOM.

每个被引导的组件都是它自己的组件树的根。 插入一个被引导的组件通常触发一系列组件的创建并形成组件树。

Each bootstrapped component is the base of its own tree of components. Inserting a bootstrapped component usually triggers a cascade of component creations that fill out that tree.

虽然也可以在宿主页面中放多个组件，但是大多数应用只有一个组件树，并且只从一个根组件开始引导。

While you can put more than one component tree on a host web page, most applications have only one component tree and bootstrap a single root component.

这个根组件通常叫做 AppComponent，并且位于根模块的 bootstrap 数组中。

This one root component is usually called AppComponent and is in the root module's bootstrap array.

关于 Angular 模块的更多知识link

More about Angular Moduleslink

要进一步了解常见的 NgModules 知识，参见 关于模块的常见问题。

For more on NgModules you're likely to see frequently in apps, see Frequently Used Modules.